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        <title>In Our Time</title>
        <itunes:title>In Our Time</itunes:title>
        <description><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the ideas, people and events that have shaped our world.

**Important Update: The BBC will be implementing major changes to Sounds on July 21st, making it available only to listeners within the UK. As this is an unofficial podcast feed hosted outside the UK, these changes are expected to have an impact, though the extent remains uncertain. Every effort will be made to keep the service running. [4-Jul-25]]]></description>
        <itunes:summary><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the ideas, people and events that have shaped our world.

**Important Update: The BBC will be implementing major changes to Sounds on July 21st, making it available only to listeners within the UK. As this is an unofficial podcast feed hosted outside the UK, these changes are expected to have an impact, though the extent remains uncertain. Every effort will be made to keep the service running. [4-Jul-25]]]></itunes:summary>
        <itunes:author>BBC Radio 4</itunes:author>
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        <language>en-US</language>
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        <lastBuildDate>Thu, 04 Jun 2026 12:26:27 GMT</lastBuildDate>
        <pubDate>Thu, 04 Jun 2026 08:45:00 GMT</pubDate>
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        <item><title>The Evolution of Trees</title><itunes:title>The Evolution of Trees</itunes:title><link>https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m002x5jl</link><description><![CDATA[Misha Glenny and guests discuss the earliest evidence we have of the existence of trees and how even plants we might have on windowsills or as vegetables in gardens can and do, in the right conditions, evolve into trees. Since their emergence around 400 million years ago after low lying plants started to develop stronger stems and grow taller and more upright, trees have transformed our planet, so creating ecosystems, altering the atmosphere and setting the stage for the world as we know it today. <br><br>With <br><br>Jenny McElwain<br>1711 Chair of Botany at Trinity College Dublin and Director of Trinity Botanic Gardens<br><br>Christopher Berry<br>Senior Lecturer in Earth and Environmental Sciences at Cardiff University<br><br>And<br><br>Bill Baker<br>Senior Researcher at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew<br><br>Produced by Conor Garrett<br><br>Reading list:<br><br>David Beerling: The Emerald Planet: How Plants Changed Earth's History (Oxford University Press, 2008)<br><br>C.M. Berry, 'Palaeobotany: The Rise of the Earth's Early Forests' (Current Biology 29, 2019)<br><br>Christopher M. Berry and John E.A. Marshall, 'Lycopsid forests in the early Late Devonian paleoequatorial zone of Svalbard' (Geology 43:12, 2015)<br><br>N.S. Davies, W.J. McMahon and C.M. Berry, 'Earth's earliest forest: fossilized trees and vegetation-induced sedimentary structures from the Middle Devonian (Eifelian) Hangman Sandstone Formation, Somerset and Devon, SW England' (J. Geol. Soc. 181, 2024)<br><br>P. Geisen and C.M. Berry, 'Reconstruction and Growth of the Early Tree Calamophyton (Pseudosporochnales, Cladoxylopsida) Based on Exceptionally Complete Specimens from Lindlar, Germany (Mid-Devonian): Organic Connection of Calamophyton Branches and Duisbergia Trunks' (International Journal of Plant Sciences 174 (4), 2013) <br><br>A. Groover and Q. Cronk (eds), Comparative and Evolutionary Genomics of Angiosperm Trees: Plant Genetics and Genomics (Crops and Models, vol 21. Springer, 2017), especially 'The Evolution of Angiosperm Trees: From Palaeobotany to Genomics' by Q.C.B. Cronk and F. Forest<br><br>Jennifer McElwain, Marlene Hill Donnelly, and Ian Glasspool, Tropical Arctic: Lost Plants, Future Climates, and the Discovery of Ancient Greenland (University of Chicago Press, 2021)<br><br>Harriet Rix, The Genius of Trees: How Trees Mastered the Elements and Shaped the World (Vintage, 2026)<br><br>W.E. Stein et al., 'Mid-Devonian Archaeopteris roots signal revolutionary change in earliest fossil forests' (Current biology, 30:3, 2020) pp.421-431<br><br>William E. Stein, Christopher Mark Berry, Linda VanAller Hernick and Frank Mannolini 'Surprisingly complex community discovered in the mid-Devonian fossil forest at Gilboa' (Nature 483, 7387, 2012) <br><br>Max Telford, The Tree of Life: Solving Science's Greatest Puzzle (John Murray, 2026)<br><br>K.J. Willis, J.C. McElwain, The Evolution of Plants (Oxford University Press, 2014)<br><br>James Woodford, The Wollemi Pine: The Incredible Discovery of a Living Fossil from the Age of the Dinosaurs (The Text Publishing Company, 2005)<br><br>Alexandre R. Zuntini et al, 'Phylogenomics and the rise of the angiosperms' (Nature vol. 629, April 2024) <br><br>Spanning history, religion, culture, science and philosophy, In Our Time from BBC Radio 4 is essential listening for the intellectually curious. In each episode, host Misha Glenny and expert guests explore the characters, events and discoveries that have shaped our world.]]></description><itunes:summary><![CDATA[Misha Glenny and guests discuss the earliest evidence we have of the existence of trees and how even plants we might have on windowsills or as vegetables in gardens can and do, in the right conditions, evolve into trees. Since their emergence around 400 million years ago after low lying plants started to develop stronger stems and grow taller and more upright, trees have transformed our planet, so creating ecosystems, altering the atmosphere and setting the stage for the world as we know it today. <br><br>With <br><br>Jenny McElwain<br>1711 Chair of Botany at Trinity College Dublin and Director of Trinity Botanic Gardens<br><br>Christopher Berry<br>Senior Lecturer in Earth and Environmental Sciences at Cardiff University<br><br>And<br><br>Bill Baker<br>Senior Researcher at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew<br><br>Produced by Conor Garrett<br><br>Reading list:<br><br>David Beerling: The Emerald Planet: How Plants Changed Earth's History (Oxford University Press, 2008)<br><br>C.M. Berry, 'Palaeobotany: The Rise of the Earth's Early Forests' (Current Biology 29, 2019)<br><br>Christopher M. Berry and John E.A. Marshall, 'Lycopsid forests in the early Late Devonian paleoequatorial zone of Svalbard' (Geology 43:12, 2015)<br><br>N.S. Davies, W.J. McMahon and C.M. Berry, 'Earth's earliest forest: fossilized trees and vegetation-induced sedimentary structures from the Middle Devonian (Eifelian) Hangman Sandstone Formation, Somerset and Devon, SW England' (J. Geol. Soc. 181, 2024)<br><br>P. Geisen and C.M. Berry, 'Reconstruction and Growth of the Early Tree Calamophyton (Pseudosporochnales, Cladoxylopsida) Based on Exceptionally Complete Specimens from Lindlar, Germany (Mid-Devonian): Organic Connection of Calamophyton Branches and Duisbergia Trunks' (International Journal of Plant Sciences 174 (4), 2013) <br><br>A. Groover and Q. Cronk (eds), Comparative and Evolutionary Genomics of Angiosperm Trees: Plant Genetics and Genomics (Crops and Models, vol 21. Springer, 2017), especially 'The Evolution of Angiosperm Trees: From Palaeobotany to Genomics' by Q.C.B. Cronk and F. Forest<br><br>Jennifer McElwain, Marlene Hill Donnelly, and Ian Glasspool, Tropical Arctic: Lost Plants, Future Climates, and the Discovery of Ancient Greenland (University of Chicago Press, 2021)<br><br>Harriet Rix, The Genius of Trees: How Trees Mastered the Elements and Shaped the World (Vintage, 2026)<br><br>W.E. Stein et al., 'Mid-Devonian Archaeopteris roots signal revolutionary change in earliest fossil forests' (Current biology, 30:3, 2020) pp.421-431<br><br>William E. Stein, Christopher Mark Berry, Linda VanAller Hernick and Frank Mannolini 'Surprisingly complex community discovered in the mid-Devonian fossil forest at Gilboa' (Nature 483, 7387, 2012) <br><br>Max Telford, The Tree of Life: Solving Science's Greatest Puzzle (John Murray, 2026)<br><br>K.J. Willis, J.C. McElwain, The Evolution of Plants (Oxford University Press, 2014)<br><br>James Woodford, The Wollemi Pine: The Incredible Discovery of a Living Fossil from the Age of the Dinosaurs (The Text Publishing Company, 2005)<br><br>Alexandre R. Zuntini et al, 'Phylogenomics and the rise of the angiosperms' (Nature vol. 629, April 2024) <br><br>Spanning history, religion, culture, science and philosophy, In Our Time from BBC Radio 4 is essential listening for the intellectually curious. In each episode, host Misha Glenny and expert guests explore the characters, events and discoveries that have shaped our world.]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>00:54:43</itunes:duration><guid>https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m002x5jl</guid><enclosure url="https://feeds.bbcsoundsrss.media/InOurTime/media/InOurTime-20260604-m002x5jl.m4a" length="40075547" type="audio/mpeg"></enclosure><category>Podcasts</category><pubDate>Thu, 04 Jun 2026 08:45:00 GMT</pubDate><itunes:author>BBC Radio 4</itunes:author><media:content url="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1024x1024/p0m1q0kc.jpg" type="image/jpg" medium="image"></media:content></item>
        <item><title>The Welsh Marches</title><itunes:title>The Welsh Marches</itunes:title><link>https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m002wt1v</link><description><![CDATA[At the Hay Festival, Misha Glenny and guests discuss the impact of the Norman invasion on the people and land of Wales and across the modern border with England in what became known as The Welsh Marches, march being a term for a militarized borderland.  Hay was one of the first Marcher lordships. Even before 1066, William the Conqueror knew that he would have to subdue the Welsh if he were to control the English and he allowed more and more Norman warlords to establish virtually their own private kingdoms in these Marches. Later some of the Lords were to use these bases to invade Ireland rather than conquer the rest of Wales.  Marcher Lords built numerous castles such as the one at Hay and many new towns would then grow up alongside these where there was one law for the English and another for the Welsh and, though the Acts of Union under the Tudors brought an end to much of the Marcher Lords' powers, the distinct identity of these Welsh Marches continued.<br><br>With <br><br>Rhun Emlyn<br>Lecturer in the Department of History and Welsh History at Aberystwyth University<br><br>Helen Fulton<br>Professor of Medieval Literature at the University of Bristol<br><br>And <br><br>Huw Pryce<br>Emeritus Professor of Welsh History at Bangor University<br><br>Producer: Simon Tillotson<br><br>Reading list:<br><br>R. R. Davies, The Age of Conquest: Wales 1063-1415 (Oxford University Press, 2001)<br><br>R.R. Davies, Lordship and Society in the March of Wales 1282-1400 (Oxford University Press, 1978)<br><br>John Fleming, The Welsh Marcher Lordships II: South-West (Logaston Press, 2023)<br><br>Ben Giles, The Welsh Marches: 40 Town and Country Walks (Pocket Mountains, 2012)<br><br>Philip Hume, The Welsh Marcher Lordships I: Central & North (Logaston Press, 2021)<br><br>Max Lieberman, The March of Wales, 1067–1300: A Borderland of Medieval Britain (University of Wales Press, 2018)<br><br>Max Lieberman, The Medieval March of Wales: The Creation and Perception of a Frontier, 1066-1283 (Cambridge University Press, 2010)<br><br>D. Huw Owen, The Lordship of Denbigh 1282-1543 (University of Wales Press, 2024)<br><br>Mike Parker, All the Wide Border: Wales, England and the Places Between (HarperNorth, 2024)<br><br>Dewi Roberts, Both Sides of the Border: An Anthology of Writing on the Welsh Border Region (Gwasg Carreg Gwalch/Eagle Rock Press, 1998)<br><br>Christopher Somerville, The Welsh Borders (Philips, 1991)<br><br>David Stephenson, Patronage and Power in the Medieval Welsh March: One Family's Story (University of Wales Press, 2021)<br><br>David Walker, Medieval Wales (Cambridge University Press, 2008)<br><br>In Our Time is a BBC Studios Production<br><br>Spanning history, religion, culture, science and philosophy, In Our Time from BBC Radio 4 is essential listening for the intellectually curious. In each episode, host Misha Glenny and expert guests explore the characters, events and discoveries that have shaped our world.]]></description><itunes:summary><![CDATA[At the Hay Festival, Misha Glenny and guests discuss the impact of the Norman invasion on the people and land of Wales and across the modern border with England in what became known as The Welsh Marches, march being a term for a militarized borderland.  Hay was one of the first Marcher lordships. Even before 1066, William the Conqueror knew that he would have to subdue the Welsh if he were to control the English and he allowed more and more Norman warlords to establish virtually their own private kingdoms in these Marches. Later some of the Lords were to use these bases to invade Ireland rather than conquer the rest of Wales.  Marcher Lords built numerous castles such as the one at Hay and many new towns would then grow up alongside these where there was one law for the English and another for the Welsh and, though the Acts of Union under the Tudors brought an end to much of the Marcher Lords' powers, the distinct identity of these Welsh Marches continued.<br><br>With <br><br>Rhun Emlyn<br>Lecturer in the Department of History and Welsh History at Aberystwyth University<br><br>Helen Fulton<br>Professor of Medieval Literature at the University of Bristol<br><br>And <br><br>Huw Pryce<br>Emeritus Professor of Welsh History at Bangor University<br><br>Producer: Simon Tillotson<br><br>Reading list:<br><br>R. R. Davies, The Age of Conquest: Wales 1063-1415 (Oxford University Press, 2001)<br><br>R.R. Davies, Lordship and Society in the March of Wales 1282-1400 (Oxford University Press, 1978)<br><br>John Fleming, The Welsh Marcher Lordships II: South-West (Logaston Press, 2023)<br><br>Ben Giles, The Welsh Marches: 40 Town and Country Walks (Pocket Mountains, 2012)<br><br>Philip Hume, The Welsh Marcher Lordships I: Central & North (Logaston Press, 2021)<br><br>Max Lieberman, The March of Wales, 1067–1300: A Borderland of Medieval Britain (University of Wales Press, 2018)<br><br>Max Lieberman, The Medieval March of Wales: The Creation and Perception of a Frontier, 1066-1283 (Cambridge University Press, 2010)<br><br>D. Huw Owen, The Lordship of Denbigh 1282-1543 (University of Wales Press, 2024)<br><br>Mike Parker, All the Wide Border: Wales, England and the Places Between (HarperNorth, 2024)<br><br>Dewi Roberts, Both Sides of the Border: An Anthology of Writing on the Welsh Border Region (Gwasg Carreg Gwalch/Eagle Rock Press, 1998)<br><br>Christopher Somerville, The Welsh Borders (Philips, 1991)<br><br>David Stephenson, Patronage and Power in the Medieval Welsh March: One Family's Story (University of Wales Press, 2021)<br><br>David Walker, Medieval Wales (Cambridge University Press, 2008)<br><br>In Our Time is a BBC Studios Production<br><br>Spanning history, religion, culture, science and philosophy, In Our Time from BBC Radio 4 is essential listening for the intellectually curious. In each episode, host Misha Glenny and expert guests explore the characters, events and discoveries that have shaped our world.]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>00:51:39</itunes:duration><guid>https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m002wt1v</guid><enclosure url="https://feeds.bbcsoundsrss.media/InOurTime/media/InOurTime-20260528-m002wt1v.m4a" length="37853440" type="audio/mpeg"></enclosure><category>Podcasts</category><pubDate>Thu, 28 May 2026 08:45:00 GMT</pubDate><itunes:author>BBC Radio 4</itunes:author><media:content url="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1024x1024/p0m1q0kc.jpg" type="image/jpg" medium="image"></media:content></item>
        <item><title>The Levellers</title><itunes:title>The Levellers</itunes:title><link>https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m002wkhq</link><description><![CDATA[Misha Glenny and guests discuss the group which came to be known as the Levellers and emerged during what would become arguably one of the bloodiest and most turbulent periods of English history. After the First English Civil War, the Levellers started calling for reforms to achieve legal and social equality. They pushed for a new constitution, extended franchise, popular sovereignty, and religious toleration. To do this, the Levellers pioneered the use of pamphlets and petitions, as well as taking to the streets in their thousands to demonstrate wearing their signature sea-green ribbons and sprigs of rosemary. To some they were radical, and to others not radical enough. Though the Leveller movement itself may have been short-lived, the arguments that they made have both inspired and challenged generations since.<br><br>With<br><br>Teresa Bejan<br>Professor of Political Theory and Fellow of Oriel College, University of Oxford<br><br>Ted Vallance<br>Professor of History and Dean of Research and Doctoral Study at the University of Roehampton<br><br>And<br><br>Clare Jackson<br>Honorary Professor of Early Modern History and Walter Grant Scott Fellow in History at Trinity Hall, University of Cambridge<br><br>Producer: Martha Owen<br><br>Reading list:<br><br>Teresa M. Bejan, First Among Equals: Visions of Equality before Egalitarianism (Belknap Press, forthcoming in 2026)<br><br>Michael Braddick, The Common Freedom of the People: John Lilburne and the English Revolution (Oxford University Press, 2018)<br><br>Rachel Foxley, The Levellers; Radical Political Thought in the English Revolution (Manchester University Press, 2013)<br><br>Christopher Hill, The World Turned Upside Down (Penguin, 1972)<br><br>Ann Hughes, Gender and the English Revolution (Routledge, 2011)<br><br>John Rees, The Leveller Revolution: Radical Political Organisation in England, 1640-1650 (Verso Books, 2016)<br><br>John Rees (ed.), John Lilburne and the Levellers: Reappraising the Roots of English Radicalism 400 years on (Routledge, 2017), including 'Reborn John: The Eighteenth-Century Afterlife of John Lilburne' by Edward Vallance<br><br>Andrew Sharp (ed.), The English Levellers (Cambridge University Press, 1998)<br><br>Edward Vallance, A Radical History of Britain: Visionaries, Rebels and Revolutionaries - the men and women who fought for our freedoms (Abacus, 2010)<br><br>Blair Worden, Roundhead Reputations: The English Civil Wars and The Passions of Posterity (Penguin, 2002)<br><br>In Our Time is a BBC Studios production<br><br>Spanning history, religion, culture, science and philosophy, In Our Time from BBC Radio 4 is essential listening for the intellectually curious. In each episode, host Misha Glenny and expert guests explore the characters, events and discoveries that have shaped our world.]]></description><itunes:summary><![CDATA[Misha Glenny and guests discuss the group which came to be known as the Levellers and emerged during what would become arguably one of the bloodiest and most turbulent periods of English history. After the First English Civil War, the Levellers started calling for reforms to achieve legal and social equality. They pushed for a new constitution, extended franchise, popular sovereignty, and religious toleration. To do this, the Levellers pioneered the use of pamphlets and petitions, as well as taking to the streets in their thousands to demonstrate wearing their signature sea-green ribbons and sprigs of rosemary. To some they were radical, and to others not radical enough. Though the Leveller movement itself may have been short-lived, the arguments that they made have both inspired and challenged generations since.<br><br>With<br><br>Teresa Bejan<br>Professor of Political Theory and Fellow of Oriel College, University of Oxford<br><br>Ted Vallance<br>Professor of History and Dean of Research and Doctoral Study at the University of Roehampton<br><br>And<br><br>Clare Jackson<br>Honorary Professor of Early Modern History and Walter Grant Scott Fellow in History at Trinity Hall, University of Cambridge<br><br>Producer: Martha Owen<br><br>Reading list:<br><br>Teresa M. Bejan, First Among Equals: Visions of Equality before Egalitarianism (Belknap Press, forthcoming in 2026)<br><br>Michael Braddick, The Common Freedom of the People: John Lilburne and the English Revolution (Oxford University Press, 2018)<br><br>Rachel Foxley, The Levellers; Radical Political Thought in the English Revolution (Manchester University Press, 2013)<br><br>Christopher Hill, The World Turned Upside Down (Penguin, 1972)<br><br>Ann Hughes, Gender and the English Revolution (Routledge, 2011)<br><br>John Rees, The Leveller Revolution: Radical Political Organisation in England, 1640-1650 (Verso Books, 2016)<br><br>John Rees (ed.), John Lilburne and the Levellers: Reappraising the Roots of English Radicalism 400 years on (Routledge, 2017), including 'Reborn John: The Eighteenth-Century Afterlife of John Lilburne' by Edward Vallance<br><br>Andrew Sharp (ed.), The English Levellers (Cambridge University Press, 1998)<br><br>Edward Vallance, A Radical History of Britain: Visionaries, Rebels and Revolutionaries - the men and women who fought for our freedoms (Abacus, 2010)<br><br>Blair Worden, Roundhead Reputations: The English Civil Wars and The Passions of Posterity (Penguin, 2002)<br><br>In Our Time is a BBC Studios production<br><br>Spanning history, religion, culture, science and philosophy, In Our Time from BBC Radio 4 is essential listening for the intellectually curious. In each episode, host Misha Glenny and expert guests explore the characters, events and discoveries that have shaped our world.]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>00:55:03</itunes:duration><guid>https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m002wkhq</guid><enclosure url="https://feeds.bbcsoundsrss.media/InOurTime/media/InOurTime-20260521-m002wkhq.m4a" length="40313395" type="audio/mpeg"></enclosure><category>Podcasts</category><pubDate>Thu, 21 May 2026 08:45:00 GMT</pubDate><itunes:author>BBC Radio 4</itunes:author><media:content url="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1024x1024/p0m1q0kc.jpg" type="image/jpg" medium="image"></media:content></item>
        <item><title>The Garamantes</title><itunes:title>The Garamantes</itunes:title><link>https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m002w616</link><description><![CDATA[Misha Glenny and guests discuss an ancient civilisation who lived over 2000 years ago in the southwest of modern-day Libya. During prehistoric times, the Sahara Desert was greener and even had large lakes, but for the last 5000 years it has been a hyperarid environment. Extreme swings of temperature and limited surface water might make the Sahara seem like an inhospitable place to live, but an ancient people in North Africa known to us as the Garamantes thrived there. Following descriptions of the Garamantes in Roman and Greek texts, the Garamantes have often been seen as pastoral nomads, or as tribal barbarians on the periphery of the Mediterranean world. But the work of archaeologists in recent decades has revealed something different. Evidence suggests a society with flourishing towns and cities, complex underground irrigation systems, a key role in trade routes across the Sahara – and may give us a broader view of ancient history.<br><br>With<br><br>David Mattingly<br>Emeritus Professor of Roman Archaeology at the University of Leicester<br><br>Farès Moussa<br>Visiting Fellow at the University of Southampton and Cultural Heritage Consultant<br><br>And<br><br>Josephine Quinn<br>Professor of Ancient History and Fellow of St John's College, University of Cambridge<br><br>Producer: Martha Owen<br><br>Reading list:<br><br>C.M. Daniels, The Garamantes of Southern Libya (Oleander Press, 1970)<br><br>C. Duckworth, A. Cuénod and D.J. Mattingly (eds), Mobile Technologies in the Ancient Sahara and Beyond (Trans-Saharan Archaeology Volume 4, Cambridge University Press, 2020)<br><br>M.C. Gatto, D.J. Mattingly, N. Ray and M. Sterry (eds), Burials, Migration and Identity in the Ancient Sahara and Beyond (Trans-Saharan Archaeology Volume 2, Cambridge University Press, 2019)<br><br>R.B. Hitchner (ed.), A Companion to North Africa in Antiquity (Wiley-Blackwell, 2020), especially 'Beyond barbarians: the Garamantes of the Libyan Sahara' by D.J. Mattingly<br><br>D.J. Mattingly, Between Sahara and Sea: Africa in the Roman Empire (Michigan University Press, 2023)<br><br>D.J. Mattingly (ed.), The Archaeology of Fazzan, Volume 1, Synthesis (Society for Libyan Studies, 2003) <br><br>D.J. Mattingly (ed.), The Archaeology of Fazzan, Volume 2, Site Gazetteer, Pottery and other Survey Finds (Society for Libyan Studies, 2007) <br><br>D.J. Mattingly (ed.), The Archaeology of Fazzan, Volume 3, Excavations Carried out by C.M. Daniels (Society for Libyan Studies, 2010) <br><br>D.J. Mattingly (ed.), The Archaeology of Fazzan, Volume 4, Survey and Excavations at Old Jarma (Ancient Garama) Carried out by C. M. Daniels (1962–69) and the Fazzan Project (1997–2001) (Society for Libyan Studies, 2013)<br><br>D.J. Mattingly, V. Leitch, C.N. Duckworth, A. Cuénod, M. Sterry and F. Cole (eds), Trade in the Ancient Sahara and Beyond (Trans-Saharan Archaeology Volume 1, Cambridge University Press, 2017)<br><br>D. Mattingly, S. McLaren, E. Savage, Y. Fasatwi and K. Gadgood (eds), The Libyan Desert: Natural Resources and Cultural Heritage (Society for Libyan Studies, 2006), especially 'The Garamantes: The First Libyan state' by D. Mattingly <br><br>P. Mitchell and P. Lane (eds), The Oxford Handbook of African Archaeology (Oxford University Press, 2013), especially 'Roman Africa and the Sahara' by A. Leone and F. Moussa <br><br>M. Sterry and D.J. Mattingly (eds), State Formation and Urbanisation in the Ancient Sahara and Beyond (Cambridge University Press, 2020)<br><br>Some of these books are available for free from Open Access Books: British Institute for Libyan & Northern African Studies<br><br>In Our Time is a BBC Studios production<br><br>Spanning history, religion, culture, science and philosophy, In Our Time from BBC Radio 4 is essential listening for the intellectually curious. In each episode, host Misha Glenny and expert guests explore the characters, events and discoveries that have shaped our world.]]></description><itunes:summary><![CDATA[Misha Glenny and guests discuss an ancient civilisation who lived over 2000 years ago in the southwest of modern-day Libya. During prehistoric times, the Sahara Desert was greener and even had large lakes, but for the last 5000 years it has been a hyperarid environment. Extreme swings of temperature and limited surface water might make the Sahara seem like an inhospitable place to live, but an ancient people in North Africa known to us as the Garamantes thrived there. Following descriptions of the Garamantes in Roman and Greek texts, the Garamantes have often been seen as pastoral nomads, or as tribal barbarians on the periphery of the Mediterranean world. But the work of archaeologists in recent decades has revealed something different. Evidence suggests a society with flourishing towns and cities, complex underground irrigation systems, a key role in trade routes across the Sahara – and may give us a broader view of ancient history.<br><br>With<br><br>David Mattingly<br>Emeritus Professor of Roman Archaeology at the University of Leicester<br><br>Farès Moussa<br>Visiting Fellow at the University of Southampton and Cultural Heritage Consultant<br><br>And<br><br>Josephine Quinn<br>Professor of Ancient History and Fellow of St John's College, University of Cambridge<br><br>Producer: Martha Owen<br><br>Reading list:<br><br>C.M. Daniels, The Garamantes of Southern Libya (Oleander Press, 1970)<br><br>C. Duckworth, A. Cuénod and D.J. Mattingly (eds), Mobile Technologies in the Ancient Sahara and Beyond (Trans-Saharan Archaeology Volume 4, Cambridge University Press, 2020)<br><br>M.C. Gatto, D.J. Mattingly, N. Ray and M. Sterry (eds), Burials, Migration and Identity in the Ancient Sahara and Beyond (Trans-Saharan Archaeology Volume 2, Cambridge University Press, 2019)<br><br>R.B. Hitchner (ed.), A Companion to North Africa in Antiquity (Wiley-Blackwell, 2020), especially 'Beyond barbarians: the Garamantes of the Libyan Sahara' by D.J. Mattingly<br><br>D.J. Mattingly, Between Sahara and Sea: Africa in the Roman Empire (Michigan University Press, 2023)<br><br>D.J. Mattingly (ed.), The Archaeology of Fazzan, Volume 1, Synthesis (Society for Libyan Studies, 2003) <br><br>D.J. Mattingly (ed.), The Archaeology of Fazzan, Volume 2, Site Gazetteer, Pottery and other Survey Finds (Society for Libyan Studies, 2007) <br><br>D.J. Mattingly (ed.), The Archaeology of Fazzan, Volume 3, Excavations Carried out by C.M. Daniels (Society for Libyan Studies, 2010) <br><br>D.J. Mattingly (ed.), The Archaeology of Fazzan, Volume 4, Survey and Excavations at Old Jarma (Ancient Garama) Carried out by C. M. Daniels (1962–69) and the Fazzan Project (1997–2001) (Society for Libyan Studies, 2013)<br><br>D.J. Mattingly, V. Leitch, C.N. Duckworth, A. Cuénod, M. Sterry and F. Cole (eds), Trade in the Ancient Sahara and Beyond (Trans-Saharan Archaeology Volume 1, Cambridge University Press, 2017)<br><br>D. Mattingly, S. McLaren, E. Savage, Y. Fasatwi and K. Gadgood (eds), The Libyan Desert: Natural Resources and Cultural Heritage (Society for Libyan Studies, 2006), especially 'The Garamantes: The First Libyan state' by D. Mattingly <br><br>P. Mitchell and P. Lane (eds), The Oxford Handbook of African Archaeology (Oxford University Press, 2013), especially 'Roman Africa and the Sahara' by A. Leone and F. Moussa <br><br>M. Sterry and D.J. Mattingly (eds), State Formation and Urbanisation in the Ancient Sahara and Beyond (Cambridge University Press, 2020)<br><br>Some of these books are available for free from Open Access Books: British Institute for Libyan & Northern African Studies<br><br>In Our Time is a BBC Studios production<br><br>Spanning history, religion, culture, science and philosophy, In Our Time from BBC Radio 4 is essential listening for the intellectually curious. In each episode, host Misha Glenny and expert guests explore the characters, events and discoveries that have shaped our world.]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>00:57:42</itunes:duration><guid>https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m002w616</guid><enclosure url="https://feeds.bbcsoundsrss.media/InOurTime/media/InOurTime-20260514-m002w616.m4a" length="42240691" type="audio/mpeg"></enclosure><category>Podcasts</category><pubDate>Thu, 14 May 2026 08:45:00 GMT</pubDate><itunes:author>BBC Radio 4</itunes:author><media:content url="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1024x1024/p0m1q0kc.jpg" type="image/jpg" medium="image"></media:content></item>
        <item><title>Joseph Roth</title><itunes:title>Joseph Roth</itunes:title><link>https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m002vyjt</link><description><![CDATA[Misha Glenny and guests discuss one of the great writers on Central Europe after the first world war and on the dying of the old orders with the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian empire.  As a German speaking Jew from Brody in the north-eastern edge of that Empire, which was then in Galicia, next in Poland and is now in Ukraine, Roth (1894 - 1939) was to spend his short life moving first to Lviv then to Vienna and finally to Paris via Berlin without ever finding a settled home. Roth explored the loss of homeland and anticipated the dangers of the new nationalism through his journalism and in his novels including Radetzky March, Job, Rebellion and Flight Without End, and his books were among the first the Nazis burned.<br><br>With <br><br>Helen Chambers<br>Emeritus Professor of German at the University of St Andrews<br><br>Deborah Holmes<br>Associate Professor of Modern German Literature at the University of  Salzburg<br><br>And <br><br>Jon Hughes<br>Reader in German and Cultural Studies at Royal Holloway, University of London<br><br>Producer: Simon Tillotson<br><br>Reading list:<br><br>Jon Hughes, Facing Modernity: Fragmentation, Culture and Identity in Joseph Roth's Writing in the 1920s (MHRA, 2006) <br><br>Heinz Lunzer and Victoria Lunzer-Talos, Joseph Roth: Leben und Werk in Bildern (Kiepenheuer & Witsch, 1994)<br><br>Keiron Pim, Endless Flight: The Life of Joseph Roth (Granta, 2022)<br><br>Joseph Roth (trans. Deborah Holmes, ed. Helen Constantine), Vienna Tales (Oxford University Press, 2014)<br><br>Joseph Roth (trans. and ed. Michael Hofmann), A Life in Letters (Granta, 2012)<br><br>Joseph Roth (trans. Michael Hofmann), Collected Shorter Fiction (Granta, 2001)<br><br>Joseph Roth (trans. Michael Hofmann), Rebellion (Granta, 2000)<br><br>Joseph Roth (trans. Michael Hofmann), The Radetzky March (Granta, 2022)<br><br>Joseph Roth (trans. Michael Hofmann), The Legend of the Holy Drinker (Granta, 2022)<br><br>Joseph Roth (trans. Michael Hofmann), The Wandering Jews (Granta, 2001)<br><br>Joseph Roth (trans. Michael Hofmann), What I Saw: Reports from Berlin 1920-1933 (Granta, 2022)<br><br>Joseph Roth (trans. Michael Hofmann), The Hotel Years: Wanderings in Europe Between the Wars (Granta, 2015)<br><br>Joseph Roth (trans. Michael Hofmann), Reports from a Parisian Paradise: Essays from France 1925-1939 (Granta, 2004)<br><br>Joseph Roth (trans. Michael Hofmann), The Emperor's Tomb (Granta, 2013)<br><br>Joseph Roth (trans. Michael Hofmann), The String of Pearls (Granta, 1999)<br><br>Joseph Roth (trans. Michael Hofmann), The White Cities: Reports From France 1925-1939 (Granta, 2013)<br><br>Joseph Roth (trans. David Le Vay), Weights and Measures (Pushkin Press, 2024)<br><br>Joseph Roth (trans. Daved Le Vay and Beatrice Musgrave), Flight Without End (Pushkin Press, 2024)<br><br>Joseph Roth (trans. Ruth Martin), The Coral Merchant: Essential Stories (Pushkin Press, 2020)<br><br>Joseph Roth (trans Will Stone), On the End of the World (Pushkin Press, 2019)<br><br>Joseph Roth (trans. Dorothy Thompson), Job: The Story of a Simple Man (Granta, 2022)<br><br>Wilhelm Von Sternburg, Joseph Roth: Eine Biographie (Kiepenheuer & Witsch, 2009)<br><br>In Our Time is a BBC Studios Production<br><br>Spanning history, religion, culture, science and philosophy, In Our Time from BBC Radio 4 is essential listening for the intellectually curious. In each episode, host Misha Glenny and expert guests explore the characters, events and discoveries that have shaped our world.]]></description><itunes:summary><![CDATA[Misha Glenny and guests discuss one of the great writers on Central Europe after the first world war and on the dying of the old orders with the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian empire.  As a German speaking Jew from Brody in the north-eastern edge of that Empire, which was then in Galicia, next in Poland and is now in Ukraine, Roth (1894 - 1939) was to spend his short life moving first to Lviv then to Vienna and finally to Paris via Berlin without ever finding a settled home. Roth explored the loss of homeland and anticipated the dangers of the new nationalism through his journalism and in his novels including Radetzky March, Job, Rebellion and Flight Without End, and his books were among the first the Nazis burned.<br><br>With <br><br>Helen Chambers<br>Emeritus Professor of German at the University of St Andrews<br><br>Deborah Holmes<br>Associate Professor of Modern German Literature at the University of  Salzburg<br><br>And <br><br>Jon Hughes<br>Reader in German and Cultural Studies at Royal Holloway, University of London<br><br>Producer: Simon Tillotson<br><br>Reading list:<br><br>Jon Hughes, Facing Modernity: Fragmentation, Culture and Identity in Joseph Roth's Writing in the 1920s (MHRA, 2006) <br><br>Heinz Lunzer and Victoria Lunzer-Talos, Joseph Roth: Leben und Werk in Bildern (Kiepenheuer & Witsch, 1994)<br><br>Keiron Pim, Endless Flight: The Life of Joseph Roth (Granta, 2022)<br><br>Joseph Roth (trans. Deborah Holmes, ed. Helen Constantine), Vienna Tales (Oxford University Press, 2014)<br><br>Joseph Roth (trans. and ed. Michael Hofmann), A Life in Letters (Granta, 2012)<br><br>Joseph Roth (trans. Michael Hofmann), Collected Shorter Fiction (Granta, 2001)<br><br>Joseph Roth (trans. Michael Hofmann), Rebellion (Granta, 2000)<br><br>Joseph Roth (trans. Michael Hofmann), The Radetzky March (Granta, 2022)<br><br>Joseph Roth (trans. Michael Hofmann), The Legend of the Holy Drinker (Granta, 2022)<br><br>Joseph Roth (trans. Michael Hofmann), The Wandering Jews (Granta, 2001)<br><br>Joseph Roth (trans. Michael Hofmann), What I Saw: Reports from Berlin 1920-1933 (Granta, 2022)<br><br>Joseph Roth (trans. Michael Hofmann), The Hotel Years: Wanderings in Europe Between the Wars (Granta, 2015)<br><br>Joseph Roth (trans. Michael Hofmann), Reports from a Parisian Paradise: Essays from France 1925-1939 (Granta, 2004)<br><br>Joseph Roth (trans. Michael Hofmann), The Emperor's Tomb (Granta, 2013)<br><br>Joseph Roth (trans. Michael Hofmann), The String of Pearls (Granta, 1999)<br><br>Joseph Roth (trans. Michael Hofmann), The White Cities: Reports From France 1925-1939 (Granta, 2013)<br><br>Joseph Roth (trans. David Le Vay), Weights and Measures (Pushkin Press, 2024)<br><br>Joseph Roth (trans. Daved Le Vay and Beatrice Musgrave), Flight Without End (Pushkin Press, 2024)<br><br>Joseph Roth (trans. Ruth Martin), The Coral Merchant: Essential Stories (Pushkin Press, 2020)<br><br>Joseph Roth (trans Will Stone), On the End of the World (Pushkin Press, 2019)<br><br>Joseph Roth (trans. Dorothy Thompson), Job: The Story of a Simple Man (Granta, 2022)<br><br>Wilhelm Von Sternburg, Joseph Roth: Eine Biographie (Kiepenheuer & Witsch, 2009)<br><br>In Our Time is a BBC Studios Production<br><br>Spanning history, religion, culture, science and philosophy, In Our Time from BBC Radio 4 is essential listening for the intellectually curious. In each episode, host Misha Glenny and expert guests explore the characters, events and discoveries that have shaped our world.]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>00:55:06</itunes:duration><guid>https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m002vyjt</guid><enclosure url="https://feeds.bbcsoundsrss.media/InOurTime/media/InOurTime-20260507-m002vyjt.m4a" length="40348039" type="audio/mpeg"></enclosure><category>Podcasts</category><pubDate>Thu, 07 May 2026 08:45:00 GMT</pubDate><itunes:author>BBC Radio 4</itunes:author><media:content url="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1024x1024/p0m1q0kc.jpg" type="image/jpg" medium="image"></media:content></item>
        <item><title>Cybernetics</title><itunes:title>Cybernetics</itunes:title><link>https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m002vmk4</link><description><![CDATA[Misha Glenny and guests discuss cybernetics – the field of study which gave us the prefix 'cyber' and helped lay the foundations for the information age. After the Second World War, cybernetics emerged as the study of communication, feedback, and control in both animals and machines. Cybernetics was first defined in 1948 by the American mathematician Norbert Wiener (1894-1964) and aimed to find a shared universal language which could be used across disciplines. The name drew on an Ancient Greek word for steersman, the person who stands at the helm of a ship to steer or govern its course. Cybernetics saw the world as systems which used loops of information and feedback to adjust their own course of action. Those ideas could be applied to anything from thermostats to the human brain, and arguably laid foundations for the information age.<br><br>With<br><br>Jacob Ward<br>Historian of science and technology at Maastricht University<br><br>Jon Agar<br>Professor of Science and Technology Studies at University College London<br><br>And<br><br>Orit Halpern<br>Lighthouse Professor and Chair of Digital Cultures at Technische Universität Dresden<br><br>Producer: Martha Owen<br><br>Reading list:<br><br>Peter Galison, 'The ontology of the enemy: Norbert Wiener and the cybernetic vision' (Critical Inquiry 21, 1994)<br><br>Slava Gerovitch, From Newspeak to Cyberspeak: A History of Soviet Cybernetics (MIT Press, 2004)<br><br>Orit Halpern, Beautiful Data: A History of Vision and Reason (Duke University Press, 2015)<br><br>Orit Halpern, Robert Mitchell and Bernard Dionysius Geoghegan, The Smartness Mandate: Notes toward a Critique (Grey Room 68, 2017) <br><br>Orit Halpern, Financializing Intelligence: On the Integration of Machines and Markets (e-flux, March 2023)<br><br>N. Katherine Hayles, How We Became Posthuman: Virtual Bodies in Cybernetics, Literature, and Informatics (University of Chicago Press, 1999)<br><br>Steve J. Heims, John Von Neumann and Norbert Wiener, From Mathematics to the Technologies of Life and Death (MIT Press, 1980)<br><br>Ronald R. Kline, The Cybernetics Moment: Or Why We Call Our Age The Information Age (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2015)<br><br>Eden Medina, Cybernetic Revolutionaries: Technology and Politics in Allende's Chile (MIT Press, 2011)<br><br>David A. Mindell, Between Human and Machine: Feedback, Control, and Computing before Cybernetics (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004)<br><br>Andrew Pickering, The Cybernetic Brain: Sketches of Another Future (University of Chicago Press, 2010)<br><br>Norbert Wiener, The Human Use of Human Beings: Cybernetics and Society (first published 1950; Da Capo Press, 1988)<br><br>In Our Time is a BBC Studios production<br><br>Spanning history, religion, culture, science and philosophy, In Our Time from BBC Radio 4 is essential listening for the intellectually curious. In each episode, host Misha Glenny and expert guests explore the characters, events and discoveries that have shaped our world.]]></description><itunes:summary><![CDATA[Misha Glenny and guests discuss cybernetics – the field of study which gave us the prefix 'cyber' and helped lay the foundations for the information age. After the Second World War, cybernetics emerged as the study of communication, feedback, and control in both animals and machines. Cybernetics was first defined in 1948 by the American mathematician Norbert Wiener (1894-1964) and aimed to find a shared universal language which could be used across disciplines. The name drew on an Ancient Greek word for steersman, the person who stands at the helm of a ship to steer or govern its course. Cybernetics saw the world as systems which used loops of information and feedback to adjust their own course of action. Those ideas could be applied to anything from thermostats to the human brain, and arguably laid foundations for the information age.<br><br>With<br><br>Jacob Ward<br>Historian of science and technology at Maastricht University<br><br>Jon Agar<br>Professor of Science and Technology Studies at University College London<br><br>And<br><br>Orit Halpern<br>Lighthouse Professor and Chair of Digital Cultures at Technische Universität Dresden<br><br>Producer: Martha Owen<br><br>Reading list:<br><br>Peter Galison, 'The ontology of the enemy: Norbert Wiener and the cybernetic vision' (Critical Inquiry 21, 1994)<br><br>Slava Gerovitch, From Newspeak to Cyberspeak: A History of Soviet Cybernetics (MIT Press, 2004)<br><br>Orit Halpern, Beautiful Data: A History of Vision and Reason (Duke University Press, 2015)<br><br>Orit Halpern, Robert Mitchell and Bernard Dionysius Geoghegan, The Smartness Mandate: Notes toward a Critique (Grey Room 68, 2017) <br><br>Orit Halpern, Financializing Intelligence: On the Integration of Machines and Markets (e-flux, March 2023)<br><br>N. Katherine Hayles, How We Became Posthuman: Virtual Bodies in Cybernetics, Literature, and Informatics (University of Chicago Press, 1999)<br><br>Steve J. Heims, John Von Neumann and Norbert Wiener, From Mathematics to the Technologies of Life and Death (MIT Press, 1980)<br><br>Ronald R. Kline, The Cybernetics Moment: Or Why We Call Our Age The Information Age (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2015)<br><br>Eden Medina, Cybernetic Revolutionaries: Technology and Politics in Allende's Chile (MIT Press, 2011)<br><br>David A. Mindell, Between Human and Machine: Feedback, Control, and Computing before Cybernetics (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004)<br><br>Andrew Pickering, The Cybernetic Brain: Sketches of Another Future (University of Chicago Press, 2010)<br><br>Norbert Wiener, The Human Use of Human Beings: Cybernetics and Society (first published 1950; Da Capo Press, 1988)<br><br>In Our Time is a BBC Studios production<br><br>Spanning history, religion, culture, science and philosophy, In Our Time from BBC Radio 4 is essential listening for the intellectually curious. In each episode, host Misha Glenny and expert guests explore the characters, events and discoveries that have shaped our world.]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>00:52:38</itunes:duration><guid>https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m002vmk4</guid><enclosure url="https://feeds.bbcsoundsrss.media/InOurTime/media/InOurTime-20260430-m002vmk4.m4a" length="38564715" type="audio/mpeg"></enclosure><category>Podcasts</category><pubDate>Thu, 30 Apr 2026 08:45:00 GMT</pubDate><itunes:author>BBC Radio 4</itunes:author><media:content url="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1024x1024/p0m1q0kc.jpg" type="image/jpg" medium="image"></media:content></item>
        <item><title>Handel's Messiah</title><itunes:title>Handel's Messiah</itunes:title><link>https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m002tptk</link><description><![CDATA[Misha Glenny and his guests discuss the most famous oratorio of George Frideric Handel (1685-1759) and his librettist Charles Jennens (1700-1773).  For his libretto, Jennens drew from Old and New Testament texts: prophecies about the coming of Jesus, the Messiah, the nativity, the suffering of Christ and his death and the Day of Judgement and redemption for all.  Handel's Messiah had its premiere in 1742 in a secular Dublin music hall to great acclaim with a packed audience and Handel continued to adapt his Messiah for later performances, often shaping the work to the choirs or individual singers available.  Messiah proved to be one of his most popular works, becoming a favourite of massed choirs around the world far beyond the scale of Handel's original.<br><br>With <br><br>Donald Burrows<br>Emeritus Professor of Music at the Open University<br><br>Ruth Smith<br>Trustee and Council Member of the Handel Institute<br><br>And<br><br>Larry Zazzo<br>Countertenor, and Senior Lecturer in Music at Newcastle University<br><br>Producer: Simon Tillotson<br><br>Reading list:<br><br>Donald Burrows, Messiah (full score, 2 vols, Hallische Händel Ausgabe, forthcoming)<br><br>Donald Burrows, Messiah (Edition Peters, 1987)<br><br>Donald Burrows, Messiah, Cambridge Music Handbooks (Cambridge University Press, 1991)<br><br>Donald Burrows, Handel: Master Musicians series, 2nd edition (Oxford University Press, 2012)<br><br>George Frideric Handel (ed. Donald Burrows et al.), Collected Documents vol. 3 (1734-42), vol 4 (1742-50), (Cambridge University Press, 2019, 2020)<br><br>G.F. Handel, facsimile 'Messiah': the composer's autograph manuscript (British Library, 2009)<br><br>G.F. Handel, facsimile the composer's Conducting Score of Messiah (Scolar Press, 1974)<br>Arthur Holroyd, Reassuring 18th-Century Protestants: The Librettist's Intended Message for Handel's 'Messiah' (Quacks Books, 2018)<br><br>Charles King, Every Valley: The Story of Handel's Messiah (Doubleday/Bodley Head, 2024)<br><br>Jens Peter Larsen, Handel's Messiah: Origins, Composition, Sources (Adam and Charles Black, 1957)<br><br>Richard Luckett, Handel's Messiah: A Celebration (Victor Gollancz, 1992)<br><br>Watkins Shaw, A Textual and Historical Companion to Handel's 'Messiah' (Novello and Co, 1965)<br><br>Ruth Smith, 'The Achievements of Charles Jennens (1700–1773)' (Music & Letters, 70, 1989)<br><br>Ruth Smith, Charles Jennens: The Man behind Handel's 'Messiah' (Handel House Trust/The Gerald Coke Handel Foundation, 2012)<br><br>Ruth Smith, Handel's Oratorios and Eighteenth-Century Thought (Cambridge University Press, 1995)<br><br>Calvin R. Stapert, Handel's Messiah: Comfort for God's People (Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 2010)<br><br>Judy Tarling, Handel's Messiah: A Rhetorical Guide (first published 2014; Punnett Press, 2025)<br><br>In Our Time is a BBC Studios production<br><br>Spanning history, religion, culture, science and philosophy, In Our Time from BBC Radio 4 is essential listening for the intellectually curious. In each episode, host Misha Glenny and expert guests explore the characters, events and discoveries that have shaped our world.]]></description><itunes:summary><![CDATA[Misha Glenny and his guests discuss the most famous oratorio of George Frideric Handel (1685-1759) and his librettist Charles Jennens (1700-1773).  For his libretto, Jennens drew from Old and New Testament texts: prophecies about the coming of Jesus, the Messiah, the nativity, the suffering of Christ and his death and the Day of Judgement and redemption for all.  Handel's Messiah had its premiere in 1742 in a secular Dublin music hall to great acclaim with a packed audience and Handel continued to adapt his Messiah for later performances, often shaping the work to the choirs or individual singers available.  Messiah proved to be one of his most popular works, becoming a favourite of massed choirs around the world far beyond the scale of Handel's original.<br><br>With <br><br>Donald Burrows<br>Emeritus Professor of Music at the Open University<br><br>Ruth Smith<br>Trustee and Council Member of the Handel Institute<br><br>And<br><br>Larry Zazzo<br>Countertenor, and Senior Lecturer in Music at Newcastle University<br><br>Producer: Simon Tillotson<br><br>Reading list:<br><br>Donald Burrows, Messiah (full score, 2 vols, Hallische Händel Ausgabe, forthcoming)<br><br>Donald Burrows, Messiah (Edition Peters, 1987)<br><br>Donald Burrows, Messiah, Cambridge Music Handbooks (Cambridge University Press, 1991)<br><br>Donald Burrows, Handel: Master Musicians series, 2nd edition (Oxford University Press, 2012)<br><br>George Frideric Handel (ed. Donald Burrows et al.), Collected Documents vol. 3 (1734-42), vol 4 (1742-50), (Cambridge University Press, 2019, 2020)<br><br>G.F. Handel, facsimile 'Messiah': the composer's autograph manuscript (British Library, 2009)<br><br>G.F. Handel, facsimile the composer's Conducting Score of Messiah (Scolar Press, 1974)<br>Arthur Holroyd, Reassuring 18th-Century Protestants: The Librettist's Intended Message for Handel's 'Messiah' (Quacks Books, 2018)<br><br>Charles King, Every Valley: The Story of Handel's Messiah (Doubleday/Bodley Head, 2024)<br><br>Jens Peter Larsen, Handel's Messiah: Origins, Composition, Sources (Adam and Charles Black, 1957)<br><br>Richard Luckett, Handel's Messiah: A Celebration (Victor Gollancz, 1992)<br><br>Watkins Shaw, A Textual and Historical Companion to Handel's 'Messiah' (Novello and Co, 1965)<br><br>Ruth Smith, 'The Achievements of Charles Jennens (1700–1773)' (Music & Letters, 70, 1989)<br><br>Ruth Smith, Charles Jennens: The Man behind Handel's 'Messiah' (Handel House Trust/The Gerald Coke Handel Foundation, 2012)<br><br>Ruth Smith, Handel's Oratorios and Eighteenth-Century Thought (Cambridge University Press, 1995)<br><br>Calvin R. Stapert, Handel's Messiah: Comfort for God's People (Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 2010)<br><br>Judy Tarling, Handel's Messiah: A Rhetorical Guide (first published 2014; Punnett Press, 2025)<br><br>In Our Time is a BBC Studios production<br><br>Spanning history, religion, culture, science and philosophy, In Our Time from BBC Radio 4 is essential listening for the intellectually curious. In each episode, host Misha Glenny and expert guests explore the characters, events and discoveries that have shaped our world.]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>00:54:05</itunes:duration><guid>https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m002tptk</guid><enclosure url="https://feeds.bbcsoundsrss.media/InOurTime/media/InOurTime-20260409-m002tptk.m4a" length="39615520" type="audio/mpeg"></enclosure><category>Podcasts</category><pubDate>Thu, 09 Apr 2026 08:45:00 GMT</pubDate><itunes:author>BBC Radio 4</itunes:author><media:content url="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1024x1024/p0m1q0kc.jpg" type="image/jpg" medium="image"></media:content></item>
        <item><title>The Spanish-American War 1898</title><itunes:title>The Spanish-American War 1898</itunes:title><link>https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m002tbzg</link><description><![CDATA[Misha Glenny and guests discuss a turning point in world affairs in 1898 that left Spain greatly reduced as an imperial power and the US the owner of the Philippines, Guam and Puerto Rico, with a significant influence over the newly independent Cuba where the war broke out. The US had been eyeing Cuba for decades, waiting for the right moment and the right kind of action, and in April 1898 intervened in the long-running fighting on the island for independence from Spain. With a much stronger navy it was a very uneven battle and the US soon triumphed over Spanish forces from Manila to Santiago de Cuba.  This brief war confirmed the US as a power on the world stage and made a shocked Spain turn inwards to ask what had gone wrong.  Meanwhile, people in the Philippines were about to attempt a new and bloody independence fight with the US.<br><br>With<br><br>Frank Cogliano<br>Professor of American History at the University of Edinburgh<br><br>Mary Vincent<br>Professor of Modern European History at the University of Sheffield<br><br>And<br><br>Stephen Wilkinson<br>Senior Lecturer in Politics and International Relations at the University of Buckingham<br><br>Producer: Simon Tillotson<br><br>Reading list:<br><br>Sebastian Balfour, The End of the Spanish Empire, 1898-1923 (Clarendon Press, 1997)<br><br>Sebastian Balfour, 'Riot, Regeneration and Reaction: Spain in the Aftermath of the 1898 Disaster' (The Historical journal 38.2, 1995) <br><br>Ada Ferrer, Cuba: An American History (Scribner, 2021)<br><br>Greg Grandin, America, América: A New History of the New World (Torva, 2025)<br><br>Richard Kluger, Seizing Destiny: How America Grew from Sea to Shining Sea (Alfred a Knopf Inc, 2007)<br><br>Robert W. Merry, President McKinley: Architect of the American Century (Simon & Schuster, 2017)<br><br>Walter Nugent, Habits of Empire: A History of American Expansion (Alfred a Knopf Inc, 2008)<br><br>Louis A. Pérez Jr., Cuba Between Empires, 1878–1902 (University of Pittsburgh Press, 1983) <br><br>John Lawrence Tone, War and Genocide in Cuba, 1895-1898 (University of North Carolina Press, 2006) <br><br>Mary Vincent, Spain, 1833-2002: People and State (Oxford University Press, 2007), especially chapter 3<br><br>In Our Time is a BBC Studios Production<br><br>Spanning history, religion, culture, science and philosophy, In Our Time from BBC Radio 4 is essential listening for the intellectually curious. In each episode, host Misha Glenny and expert guests explore the characters, events and discoveries that have shaped our world.]]></description><itunes:summary><![CDATA[Misha Glenny and guests discuss a turning point in world affairs in 1898 that left Spain greatly reduced as an imperial power and the US the owner of the Philippines, Guam and Puerto Rico, with a significant influence over the newly independent Cuba where the war broke out. The US had been eyeing Cuba for decades, waiting for the right moment and the right kind of action, and in April 1898 intervened in the long-running fighting on the island for independence from Spain. With a much stronger navy it was a very uneven battle and the US soon triumphed over Spanish forces from Manila to Santiago de Cuba.  This brief war confirmed the US as a power on the world stage and made a shocked Spain turn inwards to ask what had gone wrong.  Meanwhile, people in the Philippines were about to attempt a new and bloody independence fight with the US.<br><br>With<br><br>Frank Cogliano<br>Professor of American History at the University of Edinburgh<br><br>Mary Vincent<br>Professor of Modern European History at the University of Sheffield<br><br>And<br><br>Stephen Wilkinson<br>Senior Lecturer in Politics and International Relations at the University of Buckingham<br><br>Producer: Simon Tillotson<br><br>Reading list:<br><br>Sebastian Balfour, The End of the Spanish Empire, 1898-1923 (Clarendon Press, 1997)<br><br>Sebastian Balfour, 'Riot, Regeneration and Reaction: Spain in the Aftermath of the 1898 Disaster' (The Historical journal 38.2, 1995) <br><br>Ada Ferrer, Cuba: An American History (Scribner, 2021)<br><br>Greg Grandin, America, América: A New History of the New World (Torva, 2025)<br><br>Richard Kluger, Seizing Destiny: How America Grew from Sea to Shining Sea (Alfred a Knopf Inc, 2007)<br><br>Robert W. Merry, President McKinley: Architect of the American Century (Simon & Schuster, 2017)<br><br>Walter Nugent, Habits of Empire: A History of American Expansion (Alfred a Knopf Inc, 2008)<br><br>Louis A. Pérez Jr., Cuba Between Empires, 1878–1902 (University of Pittsburgh Press, 1983) <br><br>John Lawrence Tone, War and Genocide in Cuba, 1895-1898 (University of North Carolina Press, 2006) <br><br>Mary Vincent, Spain, 1833-2002: People and State (Oxford University Press, 2007), especially chapter 3<br><br>In Our Time is a BBC Studios Production<br><br>Spanning history, religion, culture, science and philosophy, In Our Time from BBC Radio 4 is essential listening for the intellectually curious. In each episode, host Misha Glenny and expert guests explore the characters, events and discoveries that have shaped our world.]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>00:55:22</itunes:duration><guid>https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m002tbzg</guid><enclosure url="https://feeds.bbcsoundsrss.media/InOurTime/media/InOurTime-20260402-m002tbzg.m4a" length="40549235" type="audio/mpeg"></enclosure><category>Podcasts</category><pubDate>Thu, 02 Apr 2026 08:45:00 GMT</pubDate><itunes:author>BBC Radio 4</itunes:author><media:content url="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1024x1024/p0m1q0kc.jpg" type="image/jpg" medium="image"></media:content></item>
        <item><title>Important Update – See Description</title><itunes:title>Important Update – See Description</itunes:title><link>https://bbcsoundsrss.media</link><description><![CDATA[<b>Important Update About This Podcast</b><br><br>Hello, peeps.<br><br>This is an unoffical podcast that relies on BBC Sounds and is hosted outside the UK. The BBC has announced major changes to Sounds, primarily restricting access to listeners within the UK. More details can be found here:<br><br><a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/help/questions/listening-outside-the-uk/outside-uk-changes">BBC Help: Changes for Listeners Outside the UK</a><br><br>I'm looking at a few options to keep this service running as smoothly as possible even after the changes. However, I won’t know how feasible that is until they take effect. There’s no official timeline, so it may happen suddenly—<b>one day, the podcast could simply stop updating</b>.<br><br>I'll only put updates like this one in this podcast feed if they are critical. For more frequent updates on the status of the service, visit <a href="https://bbcsoundsrss.media">bbcsoundsrss.media.</a><br><br>If you have any questions or are interested in running the software yourself, feel free to email me at bbcsoundsrss@gmail.com, and I can point you in the right direction!<br><br>It's not necessarily goodbye—I just wanted to share this update so you're aware of the situation.<br><br><em>Note: The audio file for this episode is just a placeholder. It's silent.</em>]]></description><itunes:summary><![CDATA[<b>Important Update About This Podcast</b><br><br>Hello, peeps.<br><br>This is an unoffical podcast that relies on BBC Sounds and is hosted outside the UK. The BBC has announced major changes to Sounds, primarily restricting access to listeners within the UK. More details can be found here:<br><br><a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/help/questions/listening-outside-the-uk/outside-uk-changes">BBC Help: Changes for Listeners Outside the UK</a><br><br>I'm looking at a few options to keep this service running as smoothly as possible even after the changes. However, I won’t know how feasible that is until they take effect. There’s no official timeline, so it may happen suddenly—<b>one day, the podcast could simply stop updating</b>.<br><br>I'll only put updates like this one in this podcast feed if they are critical. For more frequent updates on the status of the service, visit <a href="https://bbcsoundsrss.media">bbcsoundsrss.media.</a><br><br>If you have any questions or are interested in running the software yourself, feel free to email me at bbcsoundsrss@gmail.com, and I can point you in the right direction!<br><br>It's not necessarily goodbye—I just wanted to share this update so you're aware of the situation.<br><br><em>Note: The audio file for this episode is just a placeholder. It's silent.</em>]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>00:00:03</itunes:duration><guid>https://bbcsoundsrss.media</guid><enclosure url="https://feeds.bbcsoundsrss.media/InOurTime/media/InOurTime-20250307-m0028jty.m4a" length="100091" type="audio/mpeg"></enclosure><category>Podcasts</category><pubDate>Fri, 07 Mar 2025 19:00:00 GMT</pubDate><itunes:author>BBC Radio 4</itunes:author><media:content url="https://i.imgur.com/0gqjI4I.jpeg" type="image/jpg" medium="image"></media:content></item>
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